// Copyright (C) 2021 The Qt Company Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-only

/*!
    \example bindableproperties
    \examplecategory {Data Processing & I/O}
    \ingroup corelib_examples
    \title Bindable Properties
    \brief Demonstrates how the usage of bindable properties can simplify
    your C++ code.

    In this example we will demonstrate two approaches for expressing the
    relationships between different objects depending on each other:
    signal/slot connection-based and bindable property-based. For this
    purpose we will consider a subscription service model to calculate the
    cost of the subscription.

    \image bindable_properties_example.png {Subscription form with Age,
           Interval, country flags, and Price/month}

    \section1 Modeling Subscription System with Signal/Slot Approach

    Let's first consider the usual pre-Qt 6 implementation.
    To model the subscription service the \c Subscription class is used:

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/subscription.h subscription-class

    It stores the information about the subscription and provides corresponding
    getters, setters, and notifier signals for informing the listeners about the
    subscription information changes. It also keeps a pointer to an instance of
    the \c User class.

    The price of the subscription is calculated based on the duration of the
    subscription:

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/subscription.cpp calculate-discount

    And user's location:

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/subscription.cpp calculate-base-price

    When the price changes, the \c priceChanged() signal is emitted, to notify the
    listeners about the change:

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/subscription.cpp calculate-price

    Similarly, when the duration of the subscription changes, the \c durationChanged()
    signal is emitted.

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/subscription.cpp set-duration

    \note Both methods need to check if the data is actually changed and
    only then emit the signals. \c setDuration() also needs to recalculate
    the price when the duration has changed.

    The \c Subscription is not valid unless the user has a valid country and
    age, so the validity is updated in the following way:

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/subscription.cpp update-validity

    The \c User class is simple: it stores country and age of the user and
    provides the corresponding getters, setters, and notifier signals:

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/user.h user-class

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/user.cpp user-setters

    In the \c main() function we initialize instances of \c User and
    \c Subscription:

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/main.cpp init

    And do the proper signal-slot connections to update the \c user and
    \c subscription data when UI elements change. That is straightforward,
    so we will skip this part.

    Next, we connect to \c Subscription::priceChanged() to update the price
    in the UI when the price changes.

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/main.cpp connect-price-changed

    We also connect to \c Subscription::isValidChanged() to disable the price
    display if the subscription isn't valid.

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/main.cpp connect-validity-changed

    Because the subscription price and validity also depend on the user's
    country and age, we also need to connect to the \c User::countryChanged()
    and \c User::ageChanged() signals and update \c subscription accordingly.

    \snippet bindableproperties/subscription/main.cpp connect-user

    This works, but there are some problems:

    \list
    \li There's a lot of boilerplate code for the signal-slot connections
    in order to properly track changes to both \c user and \c subscription.
    If any of the dependencies of the price changes, we need to remember to emit the
    corresponding notifier signals, recalculate the price, and update it in
    the UI.
    \li If more dependencies for price calculation are added in the future, we'll
    need to add more signal-slot connections and make sure all the dependencies
    are properly updated whenever any of them changes. The overall complexity
    will grow, and the code will become harder to maintain.
    \li The \c Subscription and \c User classes depend on the metaobject system
    to be able to use the signal/slot mechanism.
    \endlist

    Can we do better?

    \section1 Modeling Subscription System with Bindbable Properties

    Now let's see how the \l {Qt Bindable Properties} can help to solve the
    same problem. First, let's have a look at the \c BindableSubscription class,
    which is similar to the \c Subscription class, but is implemented using
    bindable properties:

    \snippet bindableproperties/bindablesubscription/bindablesubscription.h bindable-subscription-class

    The first difference we can notice, is that the data fields are now wrapped
    inside \l QProperty classes, and the notifier signals (and as a consequence the
    dependency from the metaobject system) are gone, and new methods returning a
    \l QBindable for each \l QProperty are added instead. The \c calculatePrice()
    and \c updateValidty() methods are also removed. We'll see below why they aren't
    needed anymore.

    The \c BindableUser class differs from the \c User class in a similar way:

    \snippet bindableproperties/bindablesubscription/bindableuser.h bindable-user-class

    The second difference is in the implementation of these classes. First of
    all, the dependencies between \c subscription and \c user are now tracked via
    binding expressions:

    \snippet bindableproperties/bindablesubscription/bindablesubscription.cpp binding-expressions

    Behind the scenes the bindable properties track the dependency changes and
    update the property's value whenever a change is detected. So if, for example,
    user's country or age is changed, subscription's price and validity will be
    updated automatically.

    Another difference is that the setters are now trivial:

    \snippet bindableproperties/bindablesubscription/bindablesubscription.cpp set-duration

    \snippet bindableproperties/bindablesubscription/bindableuser.cpp bindable-user-setters

    There's no need to check inside the setters if the property's value has
    actually changed, \l QProperty already does that. The dependent properties
    will be notified about the change only if the value has actually changed.

    The code for updating the information about the price in the UI is also
    simplified:

    \snippet bindableproperties/bindablesubscription/main.cpp update-ui

    We subscribe to changes via \c bindablePrice() and \c bindableIsValid()
    and update the price display accordingly when any of these properties
    changes the value. The subscriptions will stay alive as long as the
    corresponding handlers are alive.

    Also note that the copy constructors of both \c BindableSubscription and
    \c BindableUser are disabled, since it's not defined what should happen
    with their bindings when copying.

    As you can see, the code became much simpler, and the problems mentioned
    above are solved:

    \list
    \li The boilerplate code for the signal-slot connections is removed, the
    dependencies are now tracked automatically.
    \li The code is easier to maintain. Adding more dependencies in the future
    will only require adding the corresponding bindable properties and setting
    the binding expressions that reflect the relationships between each other.
    \li The \c Subscription and \c User classes don't depend on the metaobject
    system anymore. Of course, you can still expose them to the metaobject
    system and add \l {Q_PROPERTY}s if you need, and have the advantages of
    bindable properties both in \c C++ and \c QML code. You can use the
    \l QObjectBindableProperty class for that.
    \endlist
*/
